9 Volt Transistor Radio Battery

Grade of small battery

Vintage PP3-size ix-volt batteries

The nine-volt bombardment, or 9-volt battery, is an electric bombardment that supplies a nominal voltage of 9 volts. Actual voltage measures seven.2 to nine.6 volts, depending on battery chemistry. Batteries of various sizes and capacities are manufactured; a very mutual size is known as PP3, introduced for early on transistor radios. The PP3 has a rectangular prism shape with rounded edges and 2 polarized snap connectors on the height. This blazon is normally used for many applications including household uses such every bit smoke and gas detectors, clocks, and toys.^[1]

The nine-volt PP3-size bombardment is commonly available in primary zinc-carbon and alkaline metal chemistry, in primary lithium iron disulfide and lithium manganese dioxide (sometimes designated CRV9^[2]), and in rechargeable form in nickel-cadmium (Ni–Cd), nickel-metallic hydride (Ni–MH) and lithium-ion. Mercury batteries of this format, once common, accept been banned in many countries due to their toxicity.^[3] Designations for this format include NEDA 1604 and IEC 6F22 (for zinc-carbon) or MN1604 6LR61 (for element of group i). The size, regardless of chemistry, is commonly designated PP3—a designation originally reserved solely for carbon-zinc, or in some countries, E or Eastward-block.^[4] A range of PP batteries was produced in the past, with voltages of 4.5, six, and nine volts and unlike capacities; the larger 9-volt PP6, PP7, and PP9 are yet available. A few other 9-volt battery sizes are available: A10 and A29.^[two]

Most PP3-size alkaline batteries are synthetic of six individual 1.five V LR61 cells enclosed in a wrapper.^[5] These cells are slightly smaller than LR8D425 AAAA cells and tin exist used in their place for some devices, fifty-fifty though they are 3.5 mm shorter. Carbon-zinc types are made with six apartment cells in a stack, enclosed in a wet-resistant wrapper to prevent drying. Primary lithium types are fabricated with three cells in series.^[6]

9-volt batteries deemed for 4% of alkaline main bombardment sales in the United states in 2007, and 2% of chief battery sales and ii% of secondary (rechargeable) bombardment sales in Switzerland in 2008.^[7] ^[8]

History [edit]

PP (Power Pack) battery family unit from left to right: PP1, PP3, PP4, PP6, PP7, PP8, PP9, PP10, PP11

Historically, the now popular PP3 battery size was a member of the PP (Power Pack) battery family unit that was originally manufactured past Ever Ready in the United Kingdom and Eveready in the Us. The company says that it introduced the PP3 battery in 1956,^[9] having been added as an ANSI standard in 1959, currently known as ANSI-1604A.^[x]

Power Pack (PP) battery family
Name	Voltage	Capacity	Depth	Width	Height
PP1	six volt	4. Ah	55.half-dozen mm	65.1 mm	55.6 mm
PP3	9 volt	0.5 Ah	17.five mm	26.5 mm	48.5 mm
PP4	9 volt	0.9 Ah	Dia. 25.8 mm, length: 49.8 mm; 41.5 mm ex. contacts
PP6	9 volt	1. Ah	34.one mm	35.7 mm	69.9 mm
PP7	9 volt	2.five Ah	46 mm	46 mm	63 mm
PP8	half-dozen volt	15. Ah	55 mm	61 mm	200 mm
PP9	9 volt	five. Ah	51.5 mm	65 mm	80 mm
PP10	9 volt	fifteen. Ah	66 mm	65 mm	267 mm
PP11	iv.5 volt × 2	5. Ah	51.v mm	65 mm	91 mm

The PP11 consists of two isolated four.5-volt batteries with four terminals.

Only the PP3, PP6, PP7 and PP9 sizes are still manufactured, with the PP3 being extremely common. Modern batteries have college capacity and lower internal resistance than early versions.

Before the mid-1950s, in the days of vacuum tube (valve) radios used batteries designed specifically for vacuum tubes, there was a nine-volt filigree bias battery or (US) "C" battery, which had taps for various voltages from 1.five to 9 volts.

Early transistorized radios and other equipment needed a suitable voltage miniature battery. Early on transistor radios required a 22+ one⁄2 volt bombardment. Although the transistors would theoretically operate from lower voltages, the point-contact transistors used in 1954 had to be operated very close to their V_CB0 limit in social club to get the required frequency response. However, a suitable miniature battery was already marketed for (vacuum tube) hearing aids.

The PP3 (physically identical to 6LR61 or 1604A) appeared when portable transistor radios became common, and is notwithstanding chosen a "transistor" bombardment past some manufacturers.

PP3 connectors [edit]

The PP3 bombardment has both terminals in a snap connector on 1 terminate. The smaller circular (male person) terminal is positive, and the larger hexagonal or octagonal (female) terminal is the negative contact. The connectors on the battery are the aforementioned equally on the load device; the smaller 1 connects to the larger one and vice versa.^[v] The aforementioned snap-style connector is used on other battery types in the Power Pack (PP) series. Bombardment polarization is ordinarily obvious, since mechanical connection is commonly but possible in 1 configuration.

A problem with this type of connector is that ii loose batteries with terminals exposed can touch and curt circuit, discharging them, and generating heat and possibly a burn.^[1] Keeping 9-volt batteries in their packaging until use helps to avoid accidental discharge.^[11]

Technical specifications [edit]

Three different kinds of ix-volt primary battery internals: rectangular jail cell zinc-carbon (6F22), rectangular jail cell alkaline metal (6LP3146), and cylindrical cell alkaline (6LR61)

Rechargeable (NiMH) 9-volt battery internals (stacked, 6HF~8/~22/~17)^[a]

Very often, a "ix-volt" battery refers to the transistor radio size chosen PP3 or IEC 6F22 or NEDA 1604, although there are less common ix-volt batteries of different sizes.

Batteries of all types are manufactured in consumer and industrial grades. Costlier industrial-grade batteries may use chemistries that provide higher power-to-size ratio, have lower self-discharge and hence longer life when non in employ, more than resistance to leakage and, for example, ability to handle the high temperature and humidity associated with medical autoclave sterilization.^[12]

Type^[b]		IEC proper name^[c] ^[13]	ANSI/NEDA name^[14]	Typical capacity (mAh)	Typical capacity (Wh)	Nominal voltages
Main (disposable)	Alkaline metal, half-dozen-cylinder	6LR61	1604A	550	4.95	ix
	Element of group i, 6-stack	6LP3146^[15]	1604A	550	4.95	9
	Zinc–carbon	6F22	1604D	400	3.6	9
	Lithium	(varies)	1604LC^[d]	1200	10.eight	9
Rechargeable	Ni–Cd	6KR61	11604	120	0.864, i.008	vii.two, 8.4
	Ni–MH	6HR61	7.2H5	175–300	1.26-2.16, 1.47-2.52, 1.68-two.88,	7.ii, 8.iv, 9.half-dozen
	Lithium polymer	(varies)	—	520	3.848	7.4
	Lithium-ion	(varies)	—	620	4.588	seven.4
	Lithium iron phosphate	—	—	200–320	ane.92-3.072	9.6

Testing and charging [edit]

Most battery voltage testers and chargers that can also test 9-volt need some other snap prune to concord the battery, while cylindrical batteries frequently share a holder that may be adjustable in size. Because of the proximity of the positive and negative terminals at the top of the battery and relatively low current of most common batteries, 1 informal method of testing voltage is to place the 2 terminals across a tongue. A potent tingle would indicate a battery with a stiff accuse, the absence, a discharged battery. While in that location have been stories circulating of unfortunate outcomes, the procedure is rarely dangerous under normal circumstances, though it may be unpleasant.^[16]

Lithium [edit]

Lithium 9-volt batteries are disposable high-energy-density batteries. In the PP3 size they are typically rated at 0.8–1.2 Ah (e.g. >1.2 Ah @ 900 ohms to 5.4 V @ 23 °C for one blazon),^[17] about twice the chapters of alkaline batteries. Some manufacturers merits the free energy density can exist five times that of element of group i.^[17] Common applications for lithium nine-volt batteries are smoke and carbon monoxide detectors.^[half-dozen]

Meet too [edit]

Battery eliminator
Bombardment nomenclature
Listing of battery sizes
List of battery types
Cocky-discharge

Notes [edit]

^ Presumed cell size.
^ Some types are not establish in a battery nomenclature, hence North/A.
^ The granularity of IEC nomenclature means that each cell may have more than one friction match. This is partially due to the chemistry types being open to interpretation (especially for lithium cells) and partially due to the possibility of dissimilar geometric constructions (e.g. stacked versus cylinder). For example, the NiMH lawmaking listed in the table (6HR61) assumes a cylindrical geometry and would not apply to the pictured NiMH prison cell.
^ At that place is a similar issue in "lithium" being vague here. The example gives LC, the three-volt Li–MnO₂ organization. Alternatively six 1.6-volt Li–FeS₂ cells may be used, giving 1604LF (or 6FR61 in IEC).

References [edit]

^ ^a ^b "9-Volt Battery Safe". National Fire Protection Association. 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-07-27. Retrieved 2022-05-01 .
^ ^a ^b "Non-Rechargeable Batteries (filtered for 9V)". CPC Farnell. Retrieved 2022-04-22 . 9-volt batteries supplied past a typical distributor: PP3 (or CRV9), PP6, PP7, and PP9 are the PP sizes; A10 and A29 the only other 9v types.
^ Hunter, Rod; Muylle, Koen J., eds. (1999). European Community Deskbook. An ELI deskbook - ELR - The Environmental Law Reporter. Environmental Law Institute. p. 75. ISBN0-911937-82-X.
^ "AP300 NiMH 9 Volt 300mAh". AccuPower. Archived from the original on 2018-02-06. Retrieved 6 Feb 2018.
^ ^a ^b IEC 60086-2-2011 §7.half dozen.1.12
^ ^a ^b Lee, Arthur (2002-06-28). "Preliminary Test Results on Lithium Batteries Used in Residential Fume Alarms" (PDF). CPSC.gov. U.S. Consumer Product Rubber Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-02-23. Retrieved 2022-07-24 .
^ "Life Bike Impacts of Alkaline Batteries with a Focus on End-of-Life" (PDF). EPBAEurope.net. EPBA-European union. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03.
^ "INOBAT 2008 Statistics" (PDF). INOBAT.ch. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-25.
^ "Battery History". Energizer. Retrieved 2018-02-16 .
^ "Product Datasheet: Energizer 522" (PDF). Analeptic. 2019-10-25. Retrieved 2022-03-26 .
^ "9 Volt Batteries a Fire Hazard". Partitioning of Fire Safety – NH Section of Safety. 2017-01-29. Archived from the original on 2017-01-29.
^ Adams, Louis (November 2015). "Powering Tomorrow'southward Medicine: Critical Decisions for Batteries in Medical Applications". Medical Pattern Briefs.
^ IEC 60086-2011 pt2-§vii.six.1.12
^ ANSI C18.1M Office 1 and C18.3M Part 1
^ "MN1604" (PDF). Bethel, Connecticut: Procter & Gamble. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-05-27. Retrieved 2022-02-12 .
^ "The Science of Licking a 9V Battery". SparkFun.com.
^ ^a ^b "Farnell: Datasheet for Ultralife U9VL-J-P 9V lithium manganese dioxide PP3-size battery" (PDF). Farnell.com.